Faire entendre sa voix : représentation et participation

Introduction :
Remarques préliminaires sur les épreuves du CAPES
Thématique 2 : “Représentations” (extrait du B.O.)    14
Axe d’étude 1 : Faire entendre sa voix :
représentation et participation    15
Thème et axe d’étude    17
Structure et intérêts du présent ouvrage    18
Enjeux et problématiques    18
Conseils méthodologiques    20
Appréhender les textes et aboutir à une problématique    21
Gérer son temps et s’appliquer à la mise en forme    24
Les attentes du jury : écueils à éviter    25

THE EMERGENCE OF THE IDEA OF DEMOCRACY
From William the Conqueror to the Glorious Revolution
Magna Carta    31
The creation of Parliament    32
The Puritan ideas during the English Civil War    34
The Glorious Revolution and Constitutional Monarchy    37

Colonial America and the American Revolution
Colonial assemblies    41
The American Revolution and the drafting of the Constitution    49
A dispersed government    56
A Federal Government    58
The Constitution    59

MODERN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
Britain’s parliamentary monarchy
The Uncodified Constitution    63
The monarch    66
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet    67
The Parliament    69

The United States’ federal government
The legislative branch    73
The executive branch    75
The judicial branch    79

The Commonwealth: Australia, Canada, India and South Africa
Australia    82
Canada    85
India    88
South Africa    89

POLITICAL PARTIES
Political parties versus Interest groups    95

British political parties
Whigs, Tories, Labour and Conservatives    99
Britain’s minority parties    104

American political parties
The Emergence of Political Parties (1789–1824)    109
The Second Party System (1828–1854):
the Democratic Party versus the Whigs    112
The Third Party System and the creation of the GOP
(1854–1896)    113
The Fourth Party System and the rise of Populism
(1896–1932)     115
The Fifth Party System (1933–1968)
and the New Democratic Party    117
The Sixth Party System (1968–present)
and the New Republican Party    119

Democracy in the 21st century
The demise of the two-party system?    125
The decline in voter turnout    128
The rise of populism    131
Alternative means of expression    136
Democracy in the digital age    139

TOOLBOX
Key documents
US Constitution and Amendments (summary)    147
Articles    147
Amendments: The Bill of Rights
(First ten amendments passed in 1791)    148
Additional amendments    148
“Bill of Rights” ratified December 15, 1791    150
British prime ministers since 1945    152
American presidents since 1945    153
US government checks and balances    154

Chronology of British political history    155

Chronology of American Political History    159

Bibliography
The history of political institutions and democracy    163
Primary Sources    163
Secondary Sources    164
• Articles
• Books
Political parties and contemporary politics    166
Primary Sources    166
Secondary Sources    168
• Online press articles
• Journal articles
• Books

Glossary    179

Anne-Claire Faucquez est maîtresse de conférences en civilisation américaine à l’Université Paris 8. En 2021, elle a publié aux Indes Savantes De la Nouvelle-Néerlande à New York : la naissance d’une société esclavagiste, 1624-1712, dont la version traduite en anglais est en cours de préparation et sera à paraître chez Cornell University Press. Elle travaille sur l’esclavage dans les colonies américaines, mais également sur l’écriture et l’effacement de l’histoire de l’esclavage au XIXe dans les livres d’histoire et les manuels scolaires publiés dans les États du Nord (New York, Pennsylvanie). Elle s’intéresse par ailleurs aux problématiques plus contemporaines des mises en récit de l’esclavage dans l’espace public (les monuments et les musées). Un ouvrage issu d’un colloque international qui s’est tenu en 2021 est en cours de préparation chez Liverpool University Press, intitulé The Narrativization of Slavery in European Museums: Arts and Representations.

In the mid-1230s, the word parliament came into common use to describe the meetings of the great council. It derived from the French word “parlement” that was first used in the late 11th century, meaning “parley” or “discussion meeting” (remember that William the Conqueror was a Norman, so French was widely spoken in the English Court), and was influenced by French practice as French towns had local parliaments. Parliament was the place where national affairs were debated, where the King gave his assent to law and where his request for extraordinary taxation was made (be it granted or rejected), and it also served as England’s highest court of justice. In 1258, Simon de Montfort elected a council of nobles called “parliament” which aimed at getting rid of Henry II’s foreign advisers. It was under the reign of Edward I that was created a more representative institution composed of knights (small landowners), wealthy freemen from the shires and burgesses (merchants from the towns). Edward I explained his action by saying, “What affects all, by all should be approved”. Historians refer to this famous gathering as the Model Parliament because it established a standard for later parliaments. This “popular” institution accepting non-nobles became the lower part of the House of the Parliament, the House of Commons. On the contrary, the House of Lords met separately and was exclusively composed of nobles as well as representatives of the Church, the Spiritual Nobles. Over the centuries, the House of Commons started to get an equal influence to the House of Lords thanks to its “power of the purse,” that is, its right to approve expenses. As the great majority of English people had no part in Parliament, it was not yet a truly democratic body, but its existence limited the power of the monarch and established the principle of representation. Its historical importance has been stressed in a speech given by the radical MP John Bright in 1865 describing the English Parliament as it appeared under the reign of Edward I as “the mother of Parliaments”.